Researchers

Sixty-five one-of-ones.

The people whose results the chain stands on, grouped by the first token their work feeds. Each portrait is drawn by the streamlines of the modular flow and pulled at random during the mint.

A tribute. Apart from the author, none of these researchers is affiliated with this collection or has endorsed it. Portraits are in preparation; until they arrive, each card shows the flow that will draw it.

00 · The diamond

Gary Gibbons

small causal diamonds · 2007

00Core

Sergey Solodukhin

small causal diamonds · 2007

00Core

01 · Modular flow

Minoru Tomita

modular theory · 1967

01Core

Masamichi Takesaki

modular theory · 1970

01Core

Joseph Bisognano

modular flow is the boost · 1975

01Core

Eyvind Wichmann

modular flow is the boost · 1975

01Core

Rudolf Haag

KMS states · 1967

01Extended

Nicolaas Hugenholtz

KMS states · 1967

01Extended

Marinus Winnink

KMS states · 1967

01Extended

Peter Hislop

modular flow of double cones · 1982

01Extended

Roberto Longo

modular flow of double cones · 1982

01Extended

Horacio Casini

diamond entropy as thermal entropy · 2011

01Extended

Marina Huerta

diamond entropy as thermal entropy · 2011

01Extended

Robert Myers

diamond entropy; gravitation from entanglement · 2011

0107Extended

John von Neumann

the algebra and the entropy · 1932

0104Extended

02 · The area law

Jacob Bekenstein

black-hole entropy · 1973

02Core

Stephen Hawking

S = A/4 · 1975

02Core

Gerard 't Hooft

the holographic principle · 1993

02Core

Leonard Susskind

the world as a hologram · 1995

02Core

Raphael Bousso

the holographic principle · 2002

02Extended

04 · The partition

John Bell

Bell's theorem · 1964

0415Core

Wojciech Zurek

decoherence and einselection · 2003

0416Extended

05 · The clock rate

Norman Margolus

the maximum speed of dynamical evolution · 1998

0508Core

Lev Levitin

the maximum speed of dynamical evolution · 1998

0508Core

Seth Lloyd

ultimate physical limits to computation · 2000

05Core

07 · Gravity

Ted Jacobson

Einstein's equation as an equation of state · 1995

07Core

Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri

the focusing equation · 1955

07Core

Thomas Faulkner

gravitation from entanglement · 2014

07Core

Mark Van Raamsdonk

gravitation from entanglement · 2014

07Core

William Unruh

the Unruh temperature · 1976

07Extended

Albert Einstein

the field equations · 1915

07Extended

08 · The first event

Max Planck

Planck units · 1899

08Outside the master

09 · The line

Michael Atiyah

the index theorem · 1963

09Core

Isadore Singer

the index theorem · 1963

09Core

David Gross

the heterotic string · 1985

09Core

Jeffrey Harvey

the heterotic string · 1985

09Core

Emil Martinec

the heterotic string · 1985

09Core

Ryan Rohm

the heterotic string · 1985

09Core

Edward Witten

Calabi–Yau vacua · 1985

09Core

Alain Connes

noncommutative geometry · 1994

09Core

Tsung-Dao Lee

parity violation, proposed · 1956

09Core

Chen-Ning Yang

parity violation, proposed · 1956

09Core

Chien-Shiung Wu

parity violation, observed · 1957

09Core

10 · The cascade

Roger Penrose

cycles of time · 2010

10Core

11 · The ruler

Baidyanath Misra

the quantum Zeno effect · 1977

11Core

George Sudarshan

the quantum Zeno effect · 1977

11Core

Daniel Eisenstein

the BAO peak · 2005

11Core

Göran Lindblad

the open-system master equation · 1976

11Extended

Joseph Silk

Silk damping · 1968

11Extended

12 · The 10−123

Steven Weinberg

the cosmological constant problem · 1989

12Core

13 · Fine structure

Arnold Sommerfeld

the fine-structure constant · 1916

13Outside the master

14 · H0 from a bench

Henry Cavendish

the torsion balance · 1798

14Outside the master

15 · Dead pixels

Fritz Zwicky

the missing mass · 1937

15Core

Vera Rubin

galaxy rotation curves · 1970

15Core

Brian Swingle

entanglement renormalization and holography · 2012

15Extended

Kent Ford

galaxy rotation curves · 1970

15Extended

16 · The Little Bang

William Wootters

no-cloning · 1982

16Outside the master

17 · The bench test

Rolf Landauer

the Landauer bound · 1961

17Core

Charles Bennett

the thermodynamics of computation · 1982

17Core

The whole series

Bryce Weiner

the obit; Holographic ΛCDM · 2025–26

every tokenCore

Melvin Vopson

the second law of infodynamics · 2022

the seriesCore

Konrad Zuse

Rechnender Raum · 1969

the seriesOutside the master

John Archibald Wheeler

it from bit · 1989

the seriesOutside the master

Edward Fredkin

digital mechanics · 1990

the seriesOutside the master

Nick Bostrom

the simulation argument · 2003

the seriesOutside the master